Researchers also examine how students perform when they use OER compared to standard textbooks. There are numerous studies examining the impact of OER adoption on student outcomes across various subjects, such as biology, chemistry, physics, psychology, geography, and business (Hilton et al. 2014; Illowsky et al. 2016; Hendricks, Reinsberg, and Rieger 2017; Clinton 2018; Grissett and Huffman 2019; Chang 2020). Research comparing student performance and engagement with OER versus traditional textbooks shows that many students achieve the same grades regardless of the type of textbook (Clinton 2018; Hardin et al. 2018; Chang 2020). There is also evidence for more positive impacts when using OER, including equalized performance, increased engagement in the classroom, or improved attendance (Chang 2020). Other studies suggest OER can lead to improvement in grades, decrease in D, F, and Withdrawal grades, upturn in passing rate, and higher effectiveness in achieving equity in education when compared to use of course reserves (Colvard, Watson, and Park 2018; Wimberley, Cheney, and Ding 2020).