Bibliography and Sources

Academic Sources

  • Goffman, E. (1979). Gender Advertisements. New York: Harper & Row. Red Globe Press London. .https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16079-2
  • Wachs, M. (n.d.). The Automobile and Gender: An Historical Perspective. Retrieved from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/womens/chap6.pdf 
  • Sovacool, B. K., Johannes, K., Lance, K., Noel, G., & Zarazua de Rubens, J. (2019). “Are Electric Vehicles Masculinized? Gender, Identity, and Environmental Values in Nordic Transport Practices and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Preferences.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 67, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2018.09.002.
  • Bailey, M. J., & DePrete, T. A. (2016). Five Decades of Remarkable but Slowing Change in U.S. Women’s Economic and Social Status and Political Participation. The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 2(4), 1-32. doi:10.7758/rsf.2016.2.4.01
  • Walsh, P. E., & Smith, J. L. (2007). Opposing Standards Within the Cultural Worldview: Terror Management and American Women’s Desire for Uniqueness Versus Inclusiveness. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(1), 103-113. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00335.x
  • Smith, J. L., & Huntoon, M. (2014). Women’s Bragging Rights: Overcoming Modesty Norms to Facilitate Women’s Self-Promotion. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(4), 447-459. doi:10.1177/0361684313515840
  • Stur, H. M. (2011). Beyond Combat: Women and Gender in the Vietnam War Era. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gettysburg/detail.action?docID=803199.
  • Borinca, I., Iacoviello, V., & Valsecchi, G. (2021). Men’s Discomfort and Anticipated Sexual Misclassification Due to Counter-Stereotypical Behaviors: the Interplay between Traditional Masculinity Norms and Perceived Men’s Feminization. Sex Roles, 85, 128-141. doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01210-5
  • Bretl, D. J., & Cantor, J. (1988). The Portrayal of Men and Women in U.S. Television Commercials: A Recent Content Analysis and Trends over 15 Years. Sex Roles, 18, 595-609. doi:10.1007/BF00287963
  • Tsichla, E., & Zotos, Y. (2016). Gender Portrayals Revisited: Searching for Explicit and Implicit Stereotypes in Cypriot Magazine Advertisements. International Journal of Advertising, 35(6), 983-1007. doi:10.1080/02650487.2016.1189250
  • Arsel, Z., Eräranta, K., & Moisander, J. (2015). Introduction: Theorising Gender and Gendering Theory in Marketing and Consumer Research. Journal of Marketing Management, 31(15-16), 1553-1558. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2015.1078396
  • Sanghvi, M., & Hodges, N. (2015). Marketing the Female Politician: An Exploration of Gender and Appearance. Journal of Marketing Management, 31(15-16), 1676-1694. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2015.1074093
  • Kenney, L., Skees, S., & Pitchel, C. (2022). Deconstructing Gender in Brand, Products, and Marketing. Journal of Brand Strategy, 11(3), 241-247. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsh&AN=161412949&site=ehost-live.
  • Pearse, R., and Raewyn Connell. (2016). “Gender Norms and the Economy: Insights from Social Research, Feminist Economics.” Feminist Economics 22(1): 30-53. DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2015.1078485
  • Giaccardi, Soraya, L. Monique Ward, Rita C. Seabrook, Adriana Manago, and Julia Lippman. 2016. “Media and Modern Manhood: Testing Associations Between Media Consumption and Young Men’s Acceptance of Traditional Gender Ideologies.” Sex Roles 75: 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0588-z
  • Addis, M. E., Reigeluth, C. S., & Schwab, J. R. (2016). Social norms, social construction, and the psychology of men and masculinity. In Y. J. Wong & S. R. Wester (Eds.), APA Handbook of Men and Masculinities (pp. 81-104). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14594-004
  • Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2019). Gender norms and social norms: differences, similarities and why they matter in prevention science. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42, 407-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13008
  • Eswaran, M. (2014). Why Gender Matters in Economics. Princeton University Press. JSTOR, 21-100 & 203-247. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvvh853j.
  • Walsh, Margaret. 2008. “Gendering Mobility: Women, Work and Automobility in the United States.” History 93(3): 376-395. Accessed February 23, 2023. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24428395.
  • American Marketing Association. (n.d.). The Definition of Marketing: What is Marketing? https://www.ama.org/the-definition-of-marketing-what-is-marketing/
  • López-García, Cristina, Carolina Guzmán-Valenzuela, and Elena Rodríguez-Falcón. 2017. “Gender representations in automobile advertising: A critical review.” Journal of Business Research 76: 536-545.
  • Gattario, K.H. (2018). Gender Stereotypes in Advertising: An Overview of Research and Their Impact on Consumers. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 12,59-71. https://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/181786.pdf 
  • Jhally, S., and Livant, B. (1986). Harder-Hitting, Faster-Paced: Effects of Commercials’ Production Pacing and Music on Responses by Older Adults. Journal of Advertising. 15(2), 46-55.
  • Padovani, C. (2006). Gender, Advertising and Consumer Culture. Journal of Consumer Culture, 6(1), 5-24. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469540506061397 
  • Sandlin, J.A. (2015). Disrupting the Heteronormative Gaze: Women’s Voices in Automotive Advertising. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(8), 1086-1102. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1036968
  •  Vann, R. J., Stewart, S. D., and Kamphius, B. D. (2000). Stereotyping in Advertising: A Review of Research Findings and Limitations. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2000(7). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228528479
  • Walsh, Margaret. 2007. “The Automobile and Gender: An International Exploration of Driving Forces.” Women’s Studies International Forum. 30(1):1-7. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2006.11.002. 
  • Wogan, Peter. 2000. “Automobiles and the Gendering of Power in Advertising.” The Journal of Popular Culture. 34(2):59-76. Bicchieri, C. (2006). The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kilbourne, Jean, and Mary P. Koss. 2007. “Gender and Advertising in the U.S. Automotive Industry, 1895-2005: A Review of Research.” Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 56(11-12): 717-727.
  • Silverman, Rachel, and Diana Royer. 2010. “Masculinity and Car Culture: An Analysis of Gendered Rhetoric in Automobile Advertising.” Communication Quarterly 58(4): 434-452. 
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Data Sources

  1. 2000 GMC Sierra & Yukon Commercials 
  2. 2000 General Motors (GM) Commercial – January 2000 
  3. 2000 GM Credit Card Commercial
  4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCxAemwD5zU
  5. GM’s Bankruptcy Commercial (Reinvention – 2009) 
  6. 2000 Chevrolet Silverado “Like a Rock” Commercial
  7. 2010 Camaro SS Commercial
  8. 2000 Chevy Impala Car Commercial
  9. 2000 Buick LeSabre commercial
  10. 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier – American Pie – Commercial 
  11. GM Generation E Advertising Campaign
  12. Executive Stress | Scream It Out | General Motors
  13. Will Ferrell Super Bowl Ad – General Motors [2021]
  14. Edward Scissorhands – Cadillac Super Bowl Commercial – Edgar Scissorhands – Timothée Chalamet
  15. “Quadruple Take” | Buick Envision Commercial | Buick 
  16. Chevy Silverado ‘Walter The Cat’ Ad Nominated For 2022 Emmy Award: Video
  17. Chevy EVs Are For Everyone In New Ad: Video
  18. Mrs. Hayes Chevy Ad Pulls At The Heartstrings: Video
  19. 2020 CHEVROLET BOLT EV (Electric Car): Commercial Ad TVC Iklan TV CF – United States 
  20. Chevy Commercial (2022) | Chevrolet 
  21. 2000 Ford Pickup Truck Ads- Welcome To Ford Country – Built Ford Tough
  22. 2004 Ford Mustang Commercial
  23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH4pWmNa2QA
  24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR9KRk3jJlQ
  25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lcWJxprnHQ 
  26. Ford Explorer x Kellee Edwards Commercial
  27. The All-New 2024 Ford Mustang®️: A Wake-Up Call | Ford
  28. The Beauty of Change | All New Ford Focus | Peoples Ford
  29. 2020 Mustang Shelby GT500 Commercial Trailer
  30. The All-New Ford Focus